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Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System

Enter D-KEFS condition-level scaled scores to generate a comprehensive executive function narrative with cross-test pattern analysis, cognitive flexibility–inhibition–fluency profiling, and evidence-based recommendations.

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Comprehensive Executive Function Battery: The D-KEFS (Delis, Kaplan & Kramer, 2001) is a standardized set of 9 standalone tests assessing key components of executive function: cognitive flexibility, verbal and design fluency, inhibition, problem-solving, planning, and abstract thinking. Each test yields condition-level scaled scores (Mean = 10, SD = 3). Clinicians select tests based on referral questions — not all 9 tests need to be administered. The D-KEFS isolates higher-order executive processes from foundational skills through its unique condition-comparison design.
Student / Examinee Information
Scaled Score scale: Mean = 10, SD = 3 (range 1–19). Enter only conditions that were administered. Classification: Superior (16+), Above Average (13–15), Average (8–12), Below Average (5–7), Low (1–4). At least one condition score required.
1
Trail Making Test
Visual scanning, number/letter sequencing, switching, motor speed
Flexibility ▼
Visual Scanning
Baseline visual scanning speed and attention
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Number Sequencing
Sequential number tracking — baseline sequencing
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Letter Sequencing
Sequential letter tracking — baseline sequencing
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Number-Letter Switching
Cognitive flexibility — alternating set-shifting between numbers and letters
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Motor Speed
Baseline graphomotor speed — motor control
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2
Verbal Fluency Test
Letter fluency, category fluency, category switching
Fluency ▼
Letter Fluency
Phonemic fluency — generating words beginning with a target letter
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Category Fluency
Semantic fluency — generating words within a semantic category
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Category Switching
Total correct responses — switching between two semantic categories
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Switching Accuracy
Accuracy of category alternation — cognitive flexibility under fluency demands
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3
Design Fluency Test
Nonverbal fluency — generating novel designs under varying constraints
Fluency ▼
Filled Dots
Baseline design generation — connecting filled dots to create unique designs
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Empty Dots Only
Inhibition of filled dots — generating designs using only empty dots
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Switching
Alternating between filled and empty dots — nonverbal cognitive flexibility
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4
Color-Word Interference Test
Color naming, word reading, inhibition (Stroop), inhibition/switching
Inhibition ▼
Color Naming
Baseline processing speed — naming ink colors of color patches
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Word Reading
Baseline reading speed — reading color words printed in black ink
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Inhibition
Stroop inhibition — naming ink color while suppressing word reading
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Inhibition/Switching
Combined inhibition and switching — alternating between naming ink color and reading word
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5
Sorting Test
Concept formation, problem-solving, verbal explanation of sorting principles
Problem-Solving ▼
Confirmed Correct Sorts
Free sorting — number of correct sorts generated and confirmed
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Description Score
Verbal explanation quality — accuracy of sorting rule descriptions
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Sort Recognition
Identifying correct sorts from examiner-generated groupings
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6
Twenty Questions Test
Abstract thinking, hypothesis testing, categorical reasoning
Problem-Solving ▼
Initial Abstraction
Quality of first question — ability to begin with abstract, category-level questions
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Total Questions Asked
Efficiency of questioning strategy — fewer questions indicates stronger reasoning
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Total Weighted Achievement
Overall performance — weighted composite of question efficiency and accuracy
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7
Word Context Test
Deductive reasoning, verbal abstraction, contextual vocabulary learning
Problem-Solving ▼
Total Consecutively Correct
Deducing word meanings from context clues — verbal deductive reasoning and hypothesis testing
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8
Tower Test
Spatial planning, rule learning, impulsivity control, problem-solving
Planning ▼
Total Achievement
Overall tower task performance — planning efficiency and accuracy
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Rule Violations per Item
Impulse control — adherence to task rules during problem-solving
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Move Accuracy Ratio
Precision of moves — ratio of minimum moves to actual moves taken
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9
Proverbs Test
Abstract verbal reasoning, metaphorical thinking, conceptual understanding
Problem-Solving ▼
Free Inquiry Total
Open-ended proverb interpretation — spontaneous abstract reasoning
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Multiple Choice Total
Selecting correct proverb meaning — recognition-based abstract comprehension
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